Which mathematical technique revolutionized retail product recommendation systems and is now fundamental to how online retailers suggest 'products you might like'?

Modern retail operations rely heavily on mathematical models to optimize everything from inventory to customer experiences. Sophisticated algorithms help retailers analyze consumer behavior patterns, predict trends, and make data-driven decisions that impact product development and placement. How well do you understand the mathematical foundations that power today's retail analytics systems?

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Bayesian probability networks
Simplex method for linear programming
Markov decision processes