Which psychological principle is most commonly leveraged by educational technology companies to market advanced mathematics software to universities?

The world of mathematics education has evolved dramatically with digital learning tools and platforms. Companies selling mathematical software, textbooks, and educational resources employ various marketing strategies to reach educators, students, and institutions. This poll tests your knowledge of how consumer psychology influences the marketing of mathematical products and resources in the educational marketplace.

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Loss aversion - highlighting how institutions will fall behind competitors if they don't adopt the latest mathematical modeling tools
Bandwagon effect - featuring celebrity mathematicians as primary product endorsers
Scarcity principle - limiting software licenses to create artificial demand during the academic purchasing season
Reciprocity - offering free campus merchandise in exchange for department-wide adoption of mathematics platforms