Which mathematical technique is NOT commonly used in retail personalization algorithms to recommend products based on previous customer behavior?

Personalization algorithms are the backbone of modern retail experiences, especially in e-commerce. These systems rely on sophisticated mathematical models to analyze customer behavior and preferences. But how much do you know about the mathematical foundations that power the product recommendations you see every day? Test your knowledge about the intersection of mathematics and retail personalization technology!

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Markov Decision Processes
Fourier Transform Analysis
Collaborative Filtering
Clustering Algorithms