Which of these scientific innovations was FIRST used in retail and fundamentally changed how products are tracked and identified in stores worldwide?

The intersection of science and retail has led to revolutionary innovations in how consumers shop and interact with products. This poll tests your knowledge about a groundbreaking technology that transformed the retail landscape by applying scientific principles to everyday shopping. Can you identify which scientific innovation has had the most significant impact on modern retail operations and consumer behavior?

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Barcode scanning technology (Universal Product Code/UPC)
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags
Near-field communication (NFC) payment systems
Computer vision-based checkout systems