Which mathematical formula accurately represents the 'Net Revenue Retention' (NRR) metric used by subscription-based businesses to measure growth from existing customers?

Subscription business models have transformed industries by replacing one-time purchases with recurring revenue streams. For mathematicians and data scientists working in product development, understanding the metrics and formulas behind these models is crucial. This poll tests your knowledge of how mathematics intersects with subscription-based business models, specifically focusing on a key metric that helps companies understand their financial health.

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(Revenue at end of period from customers at start of period) ÷ (Revenue at start of period from same customers) × 100
(New customer revenue) ÷ (Churned customer revenue) × 100
(Total revenue) × (1 - Churn rate) - (Customer Acquisition Cost)
(Lifetime Value) ÷ (Customer Acquisition Cost) × (Monthly Recurring Revenue)