Which digital ticketing innovation led to the largest reduction in paper ticket usage for railway systems globally between 2015-2020?

The transportation industry has undergone significant digital transformation in recent years, particularly in how consumers purchase and use tickets. One innovation dramatically changed passenger behavior and reduced operational costs for railway companies worldwide. Test your knowledge about this retail technology revolution that changed how we travel by rail!

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Mobile QR code tickets that could be scanned directly from smartphones
Contactless payment cards that could be tapped at station gates
Reusable RFID-equipped plastic smart cards
Biometric verification systems using facial recognition