Which mathematical technique, first widely implemented by Amazon in the late 1990s, revolutionized e-commerce recommendation systems by identifying patterns in customer purchases?

In today's data-driven retail environment, mathematical models and algorithms play a crucial role in understanding customer behavior and optimizing business strategies. Retailers now employ sophisticated mathematical techniques to analyze purchasing patterns, predict trends, and personalize recommendations. This trivia question explores a significant mathematical advancement that revolutionized retail recommendation systems and created a competitive advantage for early adopters.

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Bayesian probability networks
Neural network deep learning
Markov decision processes