Which architect is credited with designing the first modern indoor shopping mall in the United States, introducing the revolutionary concept of an enclosed, climate-controlled retail environment?

The modern shopping mall represents one of the most influential intersections of architecture and retail. These commercial centers transformed not just how we shop, but how architects approach commercial spaces. This trivia question explores a pivotal innovation in retail architecture that forever changed the shopping experience and created a new architectural typology that would spread worldwide.

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Victor Gruen, who designed Southdale Center in Minnesota (1956)
Frank Lloyd Wright, who designed Market Square in Illinois (1938)
I.M. Pei, who designed Roosevelt Field Mall in New York (1962)
John Graham Jr., who designed Northgate Mall in Seattle (1950)