Which military supply chain innovation, developed during WWII, later revolutionized retail inventory management and is credited as the precursor to modern barcodes?

Throughout military history, supply chain management has often determined the outcome of wars just as much as battlefield tactics. From Alexander the Great to modern warfare, military leaders have recognized that armies march on their stomachs - and their ammunition, fuel, and equipment. This trivia question explores a famous supply chain innovation that revolutionized military logistics and retail practices alike.

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The Standardized Container System (SCS)
The Logistics Operations Gradient (LOG)
The Universal Product Code (UPC)
The Defense Department's Identification Code (DD Form 1348)