Which mathematical concept revolutionized e-commerce by enabling the 'customers who bought this also bought' recommendation systems?

The intersection of mathematics and e-commerce has led to revolutionary advancements in how online retailers operate. From recommendation algorithms to inventory optimization, mathematical models power the digital shopping experience behind the scenes. This trivia question explores a significant mathematical innovation that transformed online retail. Test your knowledge about how mathematical principles have shaped the modern shopping landscape!

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Collaborative filtering matrix factorization
Euclidean distance calculations
Bayesian probability networks
Monte Carlo simulations