Which factor is widely considered the PRIMARY reason for the bankruptcy and closure of Borders bookstore chain in 2011?

Retail chains have dramatically shaped our geographic landscape, with some expanding globally while others disappear completely. The story of book retailers is particularly fascinating as they've had to adapt to digital disruption. This poll tests your knowledge about one of the most significant retail chain collapses in recent history, which altered the physical landscape of shopping districts worldwide.

This is a live public trivia poll on AIPolls.Net. Vote and see real-time results.

Late and inadequate response to the e-book revolution and online retail competition from Amazon
Overexpansion into too many international markets simultaneously, creating unsustainable operational costs
Failed merger attempt with Barnes & Noble that depleted company reserves
Investing heavily in music and DVD departments just as streaming services became popular