Which mathematical concept revolutionized e-commerce recommendation systems, allowing platforms to suggest products based on 'customers who bought X also bought Y'?

The intersection of mathematics and e-commerce has created powerful tools that drive modern retail platforms. From recommendation algorithms to inventory optimization, mathematical principles underpin the digital shopping experience. This poll tests your knowledge about how a groundbreaking mathematical concept transformed online retail analytics and personalization capabilities.

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Bayesian probability networks
Euclidean distance clustering
Monte Carlo simulation modeling