Which retail giant first pioneered the use of geographic information systems (GIS) for market analysis and store location optimization in the 1980s?

In the evolving retail landscape, geography has become a crucial factor in strategic decision-making. Location intelligence combines geographic information systems (GIS) with consumer data to optimize store placement, supply chains, and targeted marketing. This trivia question explores a pioneering retail innovation that changed how companies approach geographic market analysis and customer targeting.

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Walmart, using their 'Retail Link' system to analyze regional purchasing patterns
Sears, through their 'Territory Mapping Initiative' to revitalize urban stores
Target, with their 'Red Zone' demographic analysis program for suburban expansion
JCPenney, implementing 'Market Focus' technology for mall placement strategy