Which retail innovation, first widely implemented by Borders and Barnes & Noble in the 1990s, fundamentally changed bookstore brand positioning?

The publishing and bookselling industry has undergone massive transformations in recent decades. From independent bookshops to mega-chains to online giants, the way literature reaches consumers continues to evolve. This trivia question explores a significant retail strategy that changed how bookstores position themselves in the competitive marketplace. Test your knowledge about the business side of the literary world!

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The "café-bookstore" concept that encouraged customers to browse and linger
Implementation of RFID tags on all books to prevent theft
Introduction of member-only evening shopping hours with author appearances
Creation of proprietary book recommendation algorithms for in-store kiosks