Which mathematical retail innovation first enabled accurate demand forecasting with 85%+ accuracy, significantly reducing overstock and stockouts for major retailers?

The retail landscape has been revolutionized by mathematical algorithms and predictive models. One particular innovation has transformed how retailers forecast demand and manage inventory with unprecedented accuracy. This poll tests your knowledge about a groundbreaking mathematical retail innovation that changed how businesses approach inventory management. Can you identify which technology marked a turning point in retail analytics?

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The implementation of Monte Carlo simulation for inventory management (1997)
Bayesian Network models for customer preference prediction (2003)
Machine learning gradient boosting algorithms for demand forecasting (2011)
Quantum computing optimization for supply chain management (2018)