Which mathematical innovation, developed in the 1970s, revolutionized retail inventory management and is considered the foundation of modern product tracking systems?

Before modern computing, retail inventory management was often a manual, time-consuming process. However, one mathematical innovation revolutionized how stores track and manage their products. This poll tests your knowledge about the intersection of mathematics and retail operations that transformed inventory management worldwide. Do you know which mathematical tool became the foundation of modern retail tracking systems?

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Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode system, based on binary mathematics and parity check algorithms
Fibonacci sequence inventory forecasting model, used for predicting seasonal product demand
Monte Carlo simulation for stock management, pioneered by Walmart in 1972
Bayesian probability networks for customer purchase prediction, developed at MIT