Which linguistic innovation revolutionized retail chatbots' ability to understand natural language in 2018?

The intersection of language and e-commerce has revolutionized how customers interact with online retailers. Modern chatbots employ sophisticated natural language processing to understand customer queries across multiple languages and dialects. But which linguistic innovation has most dramatically transformed the retail chatbot landscape? Test your knowledge about how language technology powers modern retail interactions!

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BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers)
ELMO (Embeddings from Language Models)
GPT-1 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer)
Word2Vec embedding framework