Which mathematical concept revolutionized retail inventory management and is credited with saving Walmart billions of dollars annually?

The retail industry has undergone significant digital transformation, with mathematics playing a crucial role behind the scenes. From inventory optimization algorithms to predictive analytics for customer behavior, mathematical models drive modern retail operations. This trivia question explores how a specific mathematical concept revolutionized a major retail strategy that many companies now take for granted.

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Cross-elasticity demand equations
Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) using linear programming
Markov chain customer prediction models
Bayesian pricing optimization frameworks