Which mathematical technique first revolutionized retail personalization algorithms by enabling Amazon's recommendation engine in the late 1990s?

The intersection of mathematics and retail has revolutionized how companies understand customer behavior. Advanced algorithms now power personalization systems that recommend products based on complex behavioral patterns and purchasing history. This poll tests your knowledge about a groundbreaking mathematical approach that changed retail personalization forever.

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Bayesian neural networks with reinforcement learning
Support vector machines with dimensional reduction
Markov decision processes with hidden variables