Which e-commerce platform first implemented the collaborative filtering algorithm using matrix factorization techniques that revolutionized product recommendations in online retail?

In the world of e-commerce, mathematical algorithms drive everything from pricing strategies to customer recommendations. One particular e-commerce giant has leveraged advanced mathematics to revolutionize online shopping through its recommendation engine. This poll tests your knowledge about how mathematical principles have transformed the digital retail landscape and which company pioneered specific mathematical innovations in the e-commerce space.

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Amazon with its item-to-item collaborative filtering approach in 1998
eBay with its bidding optimization algorithms in 2001
Alibaba with its graph-based recommendation system in 2003
Walmart with its customer segmentation matrix approach in 1999