Which technological innovation, first implemented commercially in 1994, was critical to the growth of e-commerce by enabling secure online transactions?

The e-commerce landscape we know today was built on the shoulders of early digital pioneers. Before Amazon became the everything store and before social media shops transformed how we browse, several key innovations laid the groundwork for online retail. This trivia question explores one of the fundamental technological developments that made e-commerce possible and secure. Test your knowledge about the historical foundations of online shopping!

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Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption
JavaScript programming language
XML data format
Flash animation technology