Which pricing strategy did Duolingo famously pioneer in the language learning app market that dramatically influenced consumer psychology in the industry?

In the competitive world of language learning applications, pricing strategies often leverage specific psychological principles to attract and retain users. These strategies are carefully crafted based on consumer psychology research and market positioning. Test your knowledge about how major language learning platforms have utilized pricing psychology to build their brands and user bases.

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Freemium model with gamified incentives to upgrade
Subscription tiers based on language difficulty levels
Pay-per-achievement pricing where users only pay after mastering specific skills
Regional pricing that adjusts costs based on linguistic distance from user's native language