What retail design feature is known as the 'Gruen Transfer' or 'Gruen Effect', named after architect Victor Gruen?

Retail design is a fascinating blend of psychology, architecture, and marketing strategy. Shopping malls are meticulously designed to influence consumer behavior in subtle ways that most shoppers never consciously notice. This trivia question explores one of the lesser-known but scientifically proven design tactics used by retail developers to maximize sales in modern shopping centers. Test your knowledge about the hidden psychology of retail spaces!

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The disorienting effect of mall layouts designed to make shoppers lose track of their original intentions and spend more time shopping impulsively
The strategic placement of high-margin impulse items near checkout counters to capture last-minute purchases
The practice of placing essential items at the back of stores to force customers to walk past other merchandise
The use of ambient music with specific beats-per-minute to control the pace at which shoppers move through a store