Which mathematical model did Target famously use to predict customer pregnancies for targeted marketing, resulting in a controversial but highly successful retail analytics application?

Retail analytics has been revolutionized by advanced mathematical models. Major retailers now employ sophisticated algorithms to optimize everything from inventory management to personalized marketing. Behind these powerful business tools are complex mathematical concepts that transform raw data into actionable insights. This poll tests your knowledge about how a specific mathematical concept has been leveraged by a major retailer to achieve remarkable sales growth.

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Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations
Logistic regression predictive analytics
K-means clustering algorithms
Bayesian belief networks