Which retail innovation of the 1970s first enabled large-scale collection of individual consumer purchase data, revolutionizing retail analytics and personalization?

Throughout history, retail has undergone several transformational periods that have fundamentally changed how consumers interact with products and services. From ancient marketplaces to modern e-commerce platforms, retail innovation has both reflected and driven societal changes. This poll explores a pivotal development in retail history that significantly impacted consumer behavior and set the foundation for modern retail analytics and personalization.

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UPC barcode scanning at point-of-sale terminals
Introduction of store loyalty cards
Electronic cash registers with sales categorization
Computerized inventory management systems