Which mathematical algorithm revolutionized e-commerce by enabling Amazon's 'Customers Who Bought This Also Bought' recommendation system?

In today's digital retail environment, complex mathematical algorithms drive everything from product recommendations to pricing strategies. These algorithms analyze vast datasets to optimize the customer experience and maximize sales. How well do you understand the mathematical foundations that power modern e-commerce platforms? Test your knowledge about the intersection of mathematics and online retail innovation with this challenging question!

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Collaborative Filtering with Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
Random Forest Decision Trees
K-means Clustering
Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM)