Which mathematical technique forms the foundation of collaborative filtering, one of the most widely used approaches in retail recommendation systems?

Recommendation systems power the modern retail experience, suggesting products you might like based on your browsing history, purchases, and similar customer behaviors. But behind these seemingly intuitive suggestions lies sophisticated mathematical modeling. This poll tests your knowledge of the mathematical foundations that drive retail recommendation algorithms used by major e-commerce platforms.

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Matrix Factorization
Differential Calculus
Bayesian Networks
Fourier Transforms