Which retail technology innovation first allowed independent authors to directly publish and sell e-books to readers without traditional publishers, creating the modern self-publishing revolution?

The book retail landscape has undergone massive digital transformation in recent decades, changing how authors connect with readers and how literary works are discovered. This trivia question explores a significant technological innovation that transformed the book retail industry and created new opportunities for authors and publishers alike. Test your knowledge about the evolution of book retail technology!

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Amazon's Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP) platform
Barnes & Noble's NOOK Press
Apple's iBooks Author
Kobo Writing Life