Which pricing model revolutionized the language learning app industry around 2012-2014, leading to widespread adoption and shifting the market away from one-time purchases?

In the world of language products and services, pricing strategies often reflect the perceived value of linguistic expertise. From translation services to language learning apps, companies employ various techniques to price their offerings. This poll tests your knowledge of how language-focused businesses use specific pricing approaches to differentiate themselves in the market and communicate value to language learners and professionals.

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Freemium with tiered subscription levels (basic free access with premium paid features)
Pay-per-word pricing (charging based on volume of text processed)
Language pair pricing (charging different rates for different language combinations)
Fluency-based dynamic pricing (prices decrease as user proficiency increases)