Which mathematical algorithm, first adopted by Amazon in the late 1990s, revolutionized e-commerce by creating the 'customers who bought X also bought Y' recommendation system?

In today's data-driven retail landscape, mathematical algorithms power everything from product recommendations to inventory management. One particular mathematical breakthrough revolutionized how online retailers understand and predict customer behavior, leading to unprecedented growth in the e-commerce sector. Test your knowledge of how mathematics transformed digital retail with this challenging trivia question!

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Collaborative Filtering using matrix factorization
Bayesian A/B Testing optimization
Monte Carlo inventory simulation
K-means customer segmentation