Which mathematical modeling technique has most significantly transformed retail customer analytics in the last decade?

In today's data-driven retail environment, advanced mathematical models are transforming how businesses understand customer behavior. Statistical analysis, predictive algorithms, and machine learning have revolutionized the retail landscape. This trivia question explores how mathematics specifically impacts customer analytics in the modern retail sector. Can you identify the mathematical technique that has most dramatically changed how retailers understand their customers?

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Bayesian Network Analysis for predicting customer purchase patterns
Linear Regression for analyzing simple trend lines in sales data
Basic Descriptive Statistics for demographic segmentation
Monte Carlo Simulations for inventory forecasting