Which technology-enabled customer analytics method uses scientific principles to track in-store customer movements without requiring opt-in from shoppers?

In today's data-driven retail environment, scientific approaches to customer analytics have revolutionized how retailers understand shopping behavior. Advanced technologies now allow for unprecedented insights into consumer decision-making processes, creating opportunities for targeted marketing and store optimization. Test your knowledge about cutting-edge scientific applications in retail customer analytics with this challenging question!

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Thermal imaging and computer vision that anonymously maps customer journeys through heat signature detection
RFID chips embedded in loyalty cards that transmit location data when customers enter specific store zones
Bluetooth-enabled shopping carts that require customers to authenticate via store app before use
Facial recognition systems that identify returning customers and link to their purchase history database