Which ancient civilization first used branded clay seals as a marketing strategy to authenticate products and build merchant reputation around 3000 BCE?

Long before modern shopping malls and e-commerce, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated retail strategies and marketing techniques. Their innovations in trade, advertising, and customer engagement laid the groundwork for commerce as we know it today. This poll tests your knowledge about one of history's most revolutionary retail marketing techniques that transformed ancient commerce and created lasting brand positioning strategies still studied by historians.

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Mesopotamia (Sumerians)
Ancient Egypt
Indus Valley Civilization
Ancient China (Xia Dynasty)