What was the ORIGINAL meaning of the term 'Black Friday' before it became associated with post-Thanksgiving shopping?

Black Friday has become a global shopping phenomenon, but its origins are often misunderstood. This trivia question explores the actual historical beginning of what is now the biggest shopping day of the year. While many associate Black Friday exclusively with post-Thanksgiving sales, its true origin story reveals interesting insights about retail strategy, consumer psychology, and how shopping festivals evolve over time.

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The day retailers' financial records went from 'red' (loss) to 'black' (profit)
A term used by Philadelphia police in the 1950s to describe the chaotic traffic and crowds between Thanksgiving and the Army-Navy game
A retail industry code name for their coordinated annual sales strategy
The 1929 stock market crash that occurred on a Friday, sparking retailers to create sales events to stimulate the economy