Which retail technology, invented in 1948 but not widely adopted until the 1970s, was initially developed as a way to automatically read product information and revolutionized retail data collection?

The retail landscape has been transformed by numerous technological innovations throughout history. One invention in particular revolutionized inventory management, customer checkout, and retail data collection worldwide. This poll tests your knowledge about a groundbreaking technology that fundamentally changed retail strategies and enabled personalization at scale. Can you identify this game-changing retail innovation from its early development history?

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The barcode (UPC), first conceived by Norman Joseph Woodland who drew linear patterns in sand based on Morse code
The electronic point-of-sale system (EPOS), first designed by James Ritty as a mechanical way to prevent employee theft
RFID technology, developed by Leon Theremin as a listening device that could detect radio wave vibrations on surfaces
Electronic shelf labels (ESL), created by IBM engineers to enable dynamic pricing based on inventory levels