Which linguistic innovation significantly improved the accuracy of voice shopping assistants like Amazon's Alexa and Google Assistant after 2018?

Voice shopping is transforming retail through natural language processing and AI. This emerging omnichannel experience allows consumers to make purchases using voice commands through smart speakers and virtual assistants. The technology behind these systems must understand various dialects, accents, and linguistic nuances to accurately process requests. How well do you understand the linguistic technology powering today's voice commerce platforms?

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Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) models that understand context and word relationships better than previous unidirectional models
Simple keyword recognition algorithms that identify product names in spoken requests
Grammar-based language processing that analyzes sentence structure to determine user intent
Phonetic matching systems that identify products by comparing sound patterns to a product database