Which mathematical concept is the primary foundation of the RSA algorithm, widely used in securing e-commerce transactions?

In today's digital retail landscape, cybersecurity relies heavily on mathematical concepts and algorithms. From encryption protocols to fraud detection systems, mathematics forms the backbone of protecting sensitive customer data and transaction information. This poll tests your knowledge about how specific mathematical concepts are applied in modern retail cybersecurity solutions.

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Prime number factorization
Fourier transforms
Linear regression
Markov chains