Which architectural project is widely credited with launching the concept of 'architecture as marketing' and demonstrated how a single building could transform a city's global brand identity?

The intersection of architecture and marketing has created some of the world's most recognizable structures. While buildings have always served practical purposes, the late 20th century saw the emergence of 'starchitecture' – buildings designed to become cultural icons and marketing tools for cities and institutions. This trivia question explores a pivotal moment when architecture became a global marketing phenomenon and forever changed how we view the relationship between buildings and brand identity.

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Guggenheim Museum Bilbao (Frank Gehry, 1997)
Sydney Opera House (Jørn Utzon, 1973)
Centre Pompidou Paris (Renzo Piano & Richard Rogers, 1977)
Burj Khalifa Dubai (Adrian Smith/SOM, 2010)