Which packaging innovation revolutionized vaccine distribution in developing countries by eliminating the need for constant refrigeration?

Scientific breakthroughs often depend not just on the discovery itself, but how it's preserved and transported. Packaging innovation in scientific fields has enabled safer storage of volatile materials, protected sensitive equipment, and extended the shelf life of crucial compounds. This trivia question explores a pivotal packaging innovation that transformed how a critical scientific product could be distributed worldwide, dramatically expanding its accessibility and impact.

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Vaccine vial monitors (VVMs) that change color when exposed to excessive heat
Nitrogen-infused glass ampules that maintain sub-zero temperatures for up to 72 hours
Self-cooling aluminum containers with phase-change material cores
Lyophilized (freeze-dried) presentation that eliminates liquid components entirely