Which mathematical concept was the foundation for Amazon's groundbreaking product recommendation algorithm that transformed e-commerce personalization in the late 1990s?

The intersection of mathematics and retail has transformed how brands analyze consumer behavior and optimize marketing strategies. From predictive analytics to complex pricing algorithms, mathematical models drive modern retail decisions. This trivia question explores a significant innovation where mathematical principles revolutionized e-commerce personalization and product recommendation systems.

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Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) matrix factorization
Bayesian Probability Networks
Monte Carlo Markov Chains
K-means Clustering Algorithms