What was the original meaning behind the term "Black Friday" before it became associated with post-Thanksgiving shopping?

Black Friday has evolved from a retail phenomenon to a global cultural event that's referenced in movies, TV shows, and social media. It's become such an integral part of pop culture that it inspires memes, viral videos, and even horror stories! But how much do you really know about the origins of this shopping festival that now dominates our November calendars and has transformed retail marketing strategies worldwide?

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A stock market crash in the 1800s
A term used by Philadelphia police to describe the chaotic traffic and crowds the day after Thanksgiving
The day retail stores' financial records went from 'red' (loss) to 'black' (profit)
A marketing campaign created by major department stores in the 1950s