Which pioneering retail analytics technology first enabled stores to track customer movement patterns by geographic region without requiring mobile app installation?

In today's globalized retail environment, understanding how geographic data influences consumer behavior is crucial for effective marketing strategies. Location-based retail analytics has transformed how companies approach regional markets, optimize store placements, and personalize offerings. This poll tests your knowledge about an innovative geographic retail analytics technology that revolutionized how businesses understand customer movement patterns across different regions.

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Wi-Fi triangulation heatmapping (first deployed by Euclid Analytics in 2013)
Bluetooth beacon proximity tracking (developed by Apple's iBeacon system in 2014)
RFID embedded loyalty card tracking (introduced by ShopperTrak in 2011)
Infrared ceiling sensor arrays (pioneered by RetailNext in 2015)