Which mathematical concept revolutionized online retail pricing when Amazon patented its application for dynamic pricing algorithms in 2003?

In the world of retail mathematics, pricing strategies often employ sophisticated algorithms and mathematical models to maximize profits. One particularly revolutionary approach changed how dynamic pricing works in e-commerce and has become standard in several major online retailers. Test your knowledge about the intersection of mathematics and retail pricing innovation!

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Bayesian probability networks for predicting customer price sensitivity
Game theory equilibrium models for competitive price matching
Differential calculus for real-time price optimization based on demand elasticity
Markov chain models for sequential purchasing behavior prediction