Which mathematical model is most commonly used by advanced e-commerce platforms to predict customer lifetime value (CLV) based on purchase recency, frequency, and monetary value?

In today's data-driven retail world, mathematical models power the most successful e-commerce platforms. From predictive analytics to recommendation algorithms, mathematics is the hidden force behind personalized shopping experiences. This trivia question explores how mathematics specifically influences customer lifetime value calculations in modern retail environments. Test your knowledge about the intersection of advanced mathematics and retail analytics!

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Pareto/NBD (Negative Binomial Distribution) model
Binary Logistic Regression model
Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation
K-means clustering algorithm