Which mathematical algorithm famously transformed Amazon's e-commerce strategy, reportedly generating up to 35% of their revenue through its product recommendation system?

The intersection of mathematics and retail has transformed how businesses operate. Advanced analytics, predictive modeling, and machine learning algorithms now drive everything from inventory management to personalized marketing. This trivia question explores a groundbreaking mathematical technique that revolutionized e-commerce and created a competitive advantage for early adopters.

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Collaborative filtering matrix factorization
Bayesian classification networks
Markov decision processes
Monte Carlo tree search algorithms