Which pricing strategy, widely criticized in government contracting, often results in significant cost overruns because it allows vendors to offer artificially low initial bids?

Government procurement processes are notoriously complex, but understanding the pricing strategies behind them is crucial for both public officials and vendors. This trivia poll tests your knowledge about a specific pricing approach that has significantly impacted taxpayer dollars and government efficiency. Can you identify the controversial pricing strategy that has led to major budget overruns in government contracts?

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Cost-plus pricing (where contractors are reimbursed for costs plus a guaranteed profit percentage)
Low-ball bidding (where vendors deliberately underbid, then make profits through change orders and contract modifications)
Value-based pricing (where prices are set according to perceived value rather than actual costs)
Dynamic pricing (where prices fluctuate based on market demand and competitor pricing)