Which innovative product development approach did NASA use to ensure the James Webb Space Telescope could survive the extreme conditions of space?

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) represents one of the most significant astronomical product launches in recent history. Its development and marketing campaign spanned decades, involving multiple space agencies and billions of dollars. This trivia question explores how NASA and its partners approached the product development and marketing strategy for this groundbreaking scientific instrument that has revolutionized our view of the cosmos.

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Iterative cryogenic testing, where mirror segments were repeatedly cooled to -240°C to verify performance in space-like conditions
Crowd-sourced design competition where university teams competed to create the most durable telescope components
Rapid prototyping with 3D-printed models that were tested on the International Space Station before final construction
Machine learning algorithms that autonomously redesigned components after simulated space environment failures