What is the TRUE origin of the term 'Black Friday' as it relates to the post-Thanksgiving shopping day?

Black Friday has become one of the most significant shopping events in retail history, marking the unofficial start of the holiday shopping season. But its origins are often misunderstood, with several competing narratives about how this retail phenomenon got its name. Test your knowledge about the true historical roots of this massive shopping festival that transformed retail forever.

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It was coined by Philadelphia police in the 1950s to describe the chaotic traffic and crowds that occurred the day after Thanksgiving when shoppers and football fans flooded the city.
It refers to the day when retailers' financial records would go from 'red' (losses) to 'black' (profits) as the holiday shopping season began.
It originated after the financial panic of 1869 when the gold market crashed on a Friday, causing widespread economic disruption.
It was created by major department stores in the 1930s as a marketing term for their first major sale after Thanksgiving Day parades.