Which geospatial retail technology innovation has been most widely credited with helping brick-and-mortar retailers combat the 'Amazon effect' through improved location-based analytics?

Geographic considerations have always been fundamental to retail success, but modern technology is transforming how retailers understand and leverage location data. From geospatial analytics to location-based marketing, geography and retail technology are more intertwined than ever. Test your knowledge about how geographic information systems (GIS) and location intelligence are reshaping the retail landscape in this challenging trivia question.

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Indoor positioning systems (IPS) using Bluetooth beacons for in-store customer journey mapping
Geostationary satellite imaging for real-time parking lot occupancy analysis
RFID-enabled geographic inventory tracking across supply chains
Augmented reality geographic overlays for virtual store experiences