Which retail technology innovation first allowed major retail chains to analyze geographic customer density patterns for optimal store placement at scale?

The intersection of retail technology and geography has transformed how companies analyze market potential and make location-based decisions. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial analytics now allow retailers to visualize customer data, optimize store locations, and understand regional buying patterns in unprecedented ways. This poll tests your knowledge of how modern retail giants leverage geographic data for strategic advantage.

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IBM's SPSS Geographic Modeling (1997)
Esri's Business Analyst GIS platform (1992)
Google Earth Business Enterprise (2005)
Walmart's GeoSpatial Customer Analytics Tool (2001)